Signals and communication

Materials

• Mobile phone
• Power bank(optional)

Steps

1. 1

   Dial the emergency number

   Dial the local emergency number (112 in the EU). Speak calmly and clearly and give your name.

2. 2

   Where?

   Give the location as precisely as possible: address or trail, summit, hut, signpost, landmarks. If possible read out coordinates from phone or GPS and state the format (e.g. decimal degrees).

3. 3

   What happened, how many people?

   Briefly describe the event, the number of people affected and visible injuries or hazards (fall, fire, water, weather).

4. 4

   Wait for questions

   Answer the dispatcher's questions and follow their instructions. Hang up only when the dispatcher ends the call.

5. 5

   Stay reachable

   Keep the phone on, do not use it for other calls, conserve the battery. If you must leave the location, inform the dispatch centre if possible.

6. 6

   Make yourself noticeable

   Guide rescuers: bright clothing, light, whistle; in the field send one person to a highly visible spot if that is safe.

Common mistakes

• ×Giving the location vaguely or not at all
• ×Hanging up too early
• ×Draining the battery with calls or photos after the emergency call
• ×Calling too late out of embarrassment or worry about costs
• ×Passing on coordinates without stating the format

Limits and risks

• –No statement on network coverage or satellite services of specific devices and countries
• –Emergency numbers outside the EU differ

Sources

1. [1]

   European Commission: 112 – the European emergency number

   https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/112

2. [2]

   Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe (BBK), Deutschland: Ratgeber für Notfallvorsorge und richtiges Handeln in Notsituationen

   https://www.bbk.bund.de

3. [3]

   Bundesministerium für Finanzen – Amtshelfer oesterreich.gv.at: Notrufnummern (oesterreich.gv.at)

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-emergency-call

Materials

• Mobile phone
• Battery or crank radio(optional)

Steps

1. 1

   Check settings

   Find the emergency alerts or wireless emergency alerts section in the phone settings and check which levels are active.

2. 2

   Add an official warning app

   Install the warning app recommended by your country's authorities and save important places (home, work, parents' home).

3. 3

   Use test days

   During national test alerts, check whether the message arrived, and ask family members.

4. 4

   Other channels

   Have a battery radio and know the meaning of local siren signals – phone warnings may fail during power or network outages.

5. 5

   When travelling

   Find out which warning systems your destination uses; cell broadcast messages often arrive in the local language.

Common mistakes

• ×All alerts switched off because a test alert was annoying
• ×Relying only on social media
• ×No plan B for network failure
• ×Reading the warning but not acting

Limits and risks

• –No app names
• –Settings differ by device and country

Sources

1. [1]

   U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Wireless Emergency Alerts (Integrated Public Alert & Warning System, IPAWS)

2. [2]

   Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe (BBK), Deutschland: Ratgeber für Notfallvorsorge und richtiges Handeln in Notsituationen

   https://www.bbk.bund.de

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-phone-alerts

Materials

• Mobile phone
• Power bank(optional)

Steps

1. 1

   Learn the emergency function

   At home, read in the settings how the emergency function is triggered, whether it calls automatically and which contacts are notified. Fill in the medical ID/emergency contacts.

2. 2

   Save battery

   Turn on power saving, lower brightness, close unnecessary apps. Do not let it hunt for signal constantly when there is none – check at agreed times.

3. 3

   Use the light deliberately

   At night give SOS with the torch function (··· ––– ···) when you hear or see rescuers.

4. 4

   Use sound

   A loud alarm or ringtone can guide searchers at short range if you cannot shout.

5. 5

   Screen as a mirror

   In sunshine the switched-off screen can reflect light – weaker than a real signal mirror, but better than nothing.

Common mistakes

• ×Draining the battery with constant light
• ×Triggering the emergency function to test it
• ×Carrying the device exposed in the cold
• ×Rejecting unknown numbers – it could be the rescuers

Limits and risks

• –No device-specific instructions
• –Functions and availability differ by device and country

Sources

1. [1]

   European Commission: 112 – the European emergency number

   https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/112

2. [2]

   Ready.gov – U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Make A Plan

3. [3]

   Headquarters, Department of the Army (USA) (2002): FM 3-05.70 Survival

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-phone-as-signal

Materials

• Signal whistle(optional)
• Headlamp / flashlight(optional)
• Signal mirror(optional)

Steps

1. 1

   Choose a signal method

   A whistle carries further than the voice and saves energy. At night a lamp works, in daytime sunshine a mirror or conspicuous waving.

2. 2

   Six signals per minute

   For one minute, give a signal about every ten seconds – six in total.

3. 3

   One minute's pause

   Pause for one minute and listen or look for a reply.

4. 4

   Repeat

   Repeat the cycle until a reply comes or help arrives. Pace yourself.

5. 5

   Recognise or give the reply

   The reply is three signals per minute (about every 20 seconds), then one minute's pause. Anyone who notices a distress signal replies this way and alerts rescue via the local emergency number.

Common mistakes

• ×Shouting continuously until hoarse
• ×No pauses to listen
• ×Only signalling although an emergency call would be possible
• ×Replying as an observer but not alerting rescue

Limits and risks

• –No range figure – strongly dependent on terrain and weather
• –Not uniform worldwide

Sources

1. [1]

   ICAR – International Commission for Alpine Rescue: International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR) – recommendations and information (organisation website)

2. [2]

   The Mountaineers Books (2017): Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills, 9th edition

3. [3]

   European Commission: 112 – the European emergency number

   https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/112

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-alpine-distress

Steps

1. 1

   Position yourself visibly

   If safely possible, stand on open ground facing the helicopter, against as contrasting a background as possible.

2. 2

   'Y' – help needed

   Raise both arms diagonally upwards and hold them still.

3. 3

   'N' – no help needed

   Raise one arm diagonally upwards and stretch the other diagonally downwards.

4. 4

   Secure the landing area

   As the helicopter approaches, hold or weigh down loose objects, keep your distance, protect head and eyes; kneel with your back to the wind unless the crew signals otherwise.

5. 5

   Wait for the crew

   Only approach when the crew invites you to, and only from the front within the pilot's view. The crew's instructions take priority.

Common mistakes

• ×Waving both arms for fun
• ×Running towards the helicopter
• ×Leaving a loose emergency blanket or tarp lying around
• ×Approaching from behind or from the uphill side

Limits and risks

• –Applies as a European alpine convention; other regions may use different signals
• –No guidance on winch rescue or acting as a landing marshal

Sources

1. [1]

   ICAR – International Commission for Alpine Rescue: International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR) – recommendations and information (organisation website)

2. [2]

   The Mountaineers Books (2017): Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills, 9th edition

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-helicopter-signals

Materials

• Signal whistle
• Signal mirror(optional) – Alternatively other shiny surfaces (e.g. emergency blanket, phone screen)
• Emergency blanket(optional)

Steps

1. 1

   Carry the whistle within reach

   Attach the whistle to your jacket or pack strap so you can reach it even when injured.

2. 2

   Whistle in a rhythm

   Give short, strong blasts in a recognisable rhythm – in the Alps the alpine distress signal, elsewhere often three blasts – and listen during the pauses.

3. 3

   Aim the mirror

   Extend one arm and form a V with two fingers around the target. Tilt the mirror close to your face until the light spot falls on your fingers, then sweep it across the target.

4. 4

   Sweep the horizon

   Even without a visible target you can slowly sweep the light spot across the horizon or along distant paths.

5. 5

   Stop once answered

   When you get a reply, stop signalling or use it only to help locate you, and follow the rescuers' instructions.

Common mistakes

• ×Whistle stowed deep in the pack
• ×Using the mirror for the first time in an emergency
• ×Whistling without pauses
• ×Flashing randomly instead of controlling the light spot

Limits and risks

• –No range figures – strongly dependent on conditions
• –Rhythm conventions differ by region

Sources

1. [1]

   Headquarters, Department of the Army (USA) (2002): FM 3-05.70 Survival

2. [2]

   European Commission: 112 – the European emergency number

   https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/112

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-whistle-mirror

Materials

• Emergency blanket(optional)
• Tarp(optional)
• Sturdy sticks / poles(optional)

Steps

1. 1

   Choose an open area

   Find an open, preferably level area that is easily visible from above: clearing, meadow, snowfield, beach – without hazards such as avalanche slopes or a flood line.

2. 2

   Create contrast

   Lay dark material on light ground or light on dark: branches and stones on snow or sand, an emergency blanket or light tarp on grass; stamp lines into snow.

3. 3

   Large, simple signs

   Form a simple sign such as 'SOS' with straight lines, as large as possible. Better one large, clear sign than several small ones.

4. 4

   Secure the material

   Weigh down sheets and blankets with stones so wind or rotor downwash cannot tear them away.

5. 5

   Signal actively when aircraft approach

   When you hear aircraft, additionally attract attention with a mirror, light or body signals.

Common mistakes

• ×Sign too small or low in contrast
• ×Sign under trees or in shade
• ×Loose sheet that blows away
• ×Neglecting warmth and shelter to build it

Limits and risks

• –No size figures – larger is better as far as your energy allows
• –Specific codes (ground-signal alphabets) are not listed here

Sources

1. [1]

   Headquarters, Department of the Army (USA) (2002): FM 3-05.70 Survival

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-ground-to-air

Materials

• Lighter, matches or ferro rod
• Dry firewood
• Dry leaves, grass or conifer boughs – Keep tinder and kindling dry and ready

Steps

1. 1

   Choose the site

   Find an open spot clearly visible from above (clearing, knoll, gravel bar) with mineral soil, away from overhanging branches and dry grass.

2. 2

   Prepare the fire

   Build tinder, kindling and fuel ready to light and cover it against rain. Keep green leaves or damp material beside it for smoke.

3. 3

   Three fires (if possible)

   If you have enough material and safe ground, prepare three fire sites in a triangle with clear spacing.

4. 4

   Light only when needed

   Light it as soon as you hear or see an aircraft or rescuers. By day, then add smoky material.

5. 5

   Supervise and extinguish

   Never leave the fire unattended. Keep water or soil ready to put it out, and extinguish it completely when no longer needed.

Common mistakes

• ×Only starting to prepare when the aircraft is already overhead
• ×In dense forest where smoke stays under the canopy
• ×Too close to vegetation
• ×Not keeping material dry
• ×Leaving the fire unattended

Limits and risks

• –No visibility ranges – strongly weather-dependent
• –No legal advice on fire bans

Sources

1. [1]

   Headquarters, Department of the Army (USA) (2002): FM 3-05.70 Survival

2. [2]

   International Maritime Organization (IMO) (1972): Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREGs) – Annex IV: Distress signals

3. [3]

   USDA Forest Service / Ad Council / National Association of State Foresters: Campfire Safety (Smokey Bear wildfire prevention campaign)

   https://smokeybear.com

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-signal-fire-smoke

Materials

• Headlamp / flashlight
• Mobile phone(optional) – Torch function as a backup

Steps

1. 1

   Get into a visible position

   Move to a spot with a clear view towards where help may come from (knoll, clearing, shore) without putting yourself in danger.

2. 2

   Send SOS

   Three short flashes, three long (about three times as long), three short. Then a longer pause and repeat.

3. 3

   Aim the light

   Point the lamp at possible observers or sweep it slowly across the horizon. A strobe mode saves battery and is conspicuous.

4. 4

   Ration energy

   Signal at intervals and whenever you hear or see something. Keep spare batteries warm.

5. 5

   Switch once answered

   Once you are spotted, stop flashing towards rescuers; light up your position steadily and follow instructions.

Common mistakes

• ×Draining the battery by constant light
• ×Pausing between the SOS letters
• ×Shining directly at a helicopter
• ×Signalling from a hollow where you cannot be seen

Limits and risks

• –No range figures
• –Observers' knowledge of Morse not guaranteed – rhythm and repetition matter

Sources

1. [1]

   International Maritime Organization (IMO) (1972): Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREGs) – Annex IV: Distress signals

2. [2]

   Headquarters, Department of the Army (USA) (2002): FM 3-05.70 Survival

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-light-sos

Materials

• Signal whistle – One whistle per person, especially for children

Steps

1. 1

   Fix the call for help

   Agree: three short, strong blasts, pause, repeat = 'I need help'. In the Alps, alternatively the alpine distress signal.

2. 2

   A few group signals

   For example one blast = 'Where are you? / Attention', two blasts = 'Come to me'. More than two or three signals get forgotten under stress.

3. 3

   Agree on a reply

   Decide how to reply (e.g. the same signal back) so the caller knows they have been heard.

4. 4

   Practise with children

   Children should know: if you are lost, stay where you are and blow the whistle – you will not be in trouble.

5. 5

   Pause to listen

   Listen after each group of blasts. Replies are often faint or come from an unexpected direction.

Common mistakes

• ×Whistle used as a toy – signals are no longer taken seriously
• ×Too many codes agreed
• ×No pauses to listen
• ×Whistle in the pack instead of on the body

Limits and risks

• –No range figures
• –Group codes are examples, not a standard

Sources

1. [1]

   Headquarters, Department of the Army (USA) (2002): FM 3-05.70 Survival

2. [2]

   Ready.gov – U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Build A Kit

3. [3]

   ICAR – International Commission for Alpine Rescue: International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR) – recommendations and information (organisation website)

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-whistle-codes

Materials

• Signal panel (fluorescent)(optional)
• Emergency blanket(optional)
• Sturdy sticks / poles(optional) – As a flagpole

Steps

1. 1

   Choose an open spot

   Clearing, knoll, shore, snowfield – where you can be seen from above and from the sides.

2. 2

   Lay out flat

   Spread the cloth or emergency blanket flat and weigh it down with stones. Large, stretched shapes are better than a bundle.

3. 3

   Raise a flag

   Fix a piece of cloth to a long stick at a raised point – visible even while you rest.

4. 4

   Wave when something approaches

   When you hear or see an aircraft, wave the cloth in large arcs. Then use your arms for the Y signal.

Common mistakes

• ×Wearing camouflage colours and hoping to be seen anyway
• ×Laying out the signal under trees
• ×Cloths not secured
• ×Turning warm clothing into a signal

Limits and risks

• –No visibility ranges
• –Useless in fog, dusk and night

Sources

1. [1]

   Headquarters, Department of the Army (USA) (2002): FM 3-05.70 Survival

2. [2]

   International Maritime Organization (IMO) (1972): Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREGs) – Annex IV: Distress signals

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-bright-panels

Materials

• Signal whistle(optional) – On a key ring or in the emergency bag
• Mobile phone(optional)

Steps

1. 1

   Emergency call or message

   If the phone works: call the emergency number or send a message to trusted contacts with your location as precisely as possible (building, floor, room).

2. 2

   Protect yourself

   Cover your mouth and nose, breathe calmly, avoid unnecessary movement.

3. 3

   Tap

   Tap steadily with a hard object on a pipe, beam or wall, for example three knocks, pause, repeat.

4. 4

   Whistle

   If you have one, give three blasts at intervals.

5. 5

   Shout only when close

   When you hear helpers, shout and answer. Otherwise save your strength and keep tapping at intervals.

Common mistakes

• ×Shouting continuously and exhausting yourself
• ×Using a naked flame for light
• ×Draining the battery with constant light
• ×Pulling at debris without control

Limits and risks

• –No guidance on freeing yourself or rescuing others
• –No medical guidance

Sources

1. [1]

   Ready.gov – U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Earthquakes

2. [2]

   U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Are You Ready? An In-Depth Guide to Citizen Preparedness

3. [3]

   European Commission: 112 – the European emergency number

   https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/112

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-trapped-signalling

Materials

• Signal whistle(optional)
• Headlamp / flashlight(optional)
• Signal panel (fluorescent)(optional) – Or a bright bedsheet, towel

Steps

1. 1

   Try the emergency call

   Call the emergency number; if that is not possible, send a message to trusted contacts with the address and number of people.

2. 2

   Choose a safe, visible spot

   The highest floor you can reach with a window or balcony facing the street or the water.

3. 3

   Hang out a bright cloth

   Hang a sheet or cloth out of the window; if possible write 'SOS' or 'HELP' in large letters and the number of people on it.

4. 4

   Move when in sight

   When a boat, vehicle or helicopter comes into view, wave clearly with the cloth or your arms and blow your whistle.

5. 5

   Light at night

   Flash a torch or phone light at intervals – save the battery.

Common mistakes

• ×Entering the water to fetch help
• ×Retreating into an attic with no exit
• ×Draining the battery with constant light
• ×Forgetting to remove the signal after everyone has left the building

Limits and risks

• –No guidance for fires
• –No evacuation guidance

Sources

1. [1]

   Ready.gov – U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Floods

2. [2]

   Headquarters, Department of the Army (USA) (2002): FM 3-05.70 Survival

3. [3]

   European Commission: 112 – the European emergency number

   https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/112

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-signals-from-buildings

Materials

• Marine VHF radio(optional)
• Personal locator beacon (PLB)(optional)
• Signal whistle(optional)

Steps

1. 1

   Know the signals

   Key distress signals: MAYDAY by radio, SOS (light or sound), red flares, orange smoke, slowly raising and lowering both outstretched arms, continuous fog-horn sounding, an activated emergency beacon.

2. 2

   Carry suitable equipment

   What must or should be on board depends on boat type, area and country. At least a whistle, a light and a phone in a waterproof case; depending on the waters, radio, beacon and pyrotechnics.

3. 3

   Check before setting out

   Check expiry dates, batteries and access: signalling equipment must be reachable even if the boat capsizes.

4. 4

   In an emergency

   First a distress call by radio or phone, then visual signals when ships or aircraft are in sight. Use pyrotechnics only when someone is in sight; do not use them up 'on spec'.

Common mistakes

• ×Expired or inaccessible signalling equipment
• ×Using up all flares at once
• ×One-handed waving mistaken for a greeting
• ×Phone not in a waterproof case
• ×False alarm not reported

Limits and risks

• –No operating instructions for pyrotechnics
• –No national equipment requirements
• –Full list only in Annex IV itself

Sources

1. [1]

   International Maritime Organization (IMO) (1972): Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREGs) – Annex IV: Distress signals

2. [2]

   International Maritime Organization (IMO) (1974): International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, as amended

3. [3]

   International Maritime Organization (IMO) and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO): IAMSAR Manual (International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual), Volume III – Mobile Facilities

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-sea-distress-overview

Materials

• Signal whistle
• Headlamp / flashlight(optional)
• Signal panel (fluorescent)(optional)

Steps

1. 1

   Stay put

   As soon as you realise you are lost: stay in a safe place, ideally at the edge of a clearing or on a path.

2. 2

   Make yourself visible

   Lay out bright clothing or cloth, keep a light ready at night.

3. 3

   Signal at intervals

   Three whistle blasts, pause, repeat. Listen in between.

4. 4

   Answer

   If you hear calls or whistles or see lights: answer at once and keep signalling until the searchers reach you.

5. 5

   Practise with children beforehand

   Teach children: if you get lost, stay by a tree, blow your whistle and answer when someone calls – including strangers in rescue clothing.

Common mistakes

• ×Running after sounds
• ×Hiding out of embarrassment or fear
• ×Whistle in the pack instead of to hand
• ×Signalling continuously without listening
• ×Changing location several times

Limits and risks

• –No guidance on organising a search
• –No first aid instructions

Sources

1. [1]

   Headquarters, Department of the Army (USA) (2002): FM 3-05.70 Survival

2. [2]

   Boy Scouts of America: Scouts BSA Handbook

3. [3]

   European Commission: 112 – the European emergency number

   https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/112

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-responding-to-searchers

Materials

• Signal panel (fluorescent)(optional)
• Signal mirror(optional)
• Headlamp / flashlight(optional)
• Emergency blanket(optional) – The shiny side can reflect sunlight

Steps

1. 1

   Find an open spot

   A clearing, meadow, ridge, snowfield or beach nearby – only if safely reachable.

2. 2

   Lay out contrast

   Spread out bright or fluorescent clothing, pack, cloth flat; if possible a large ground signal.

3. 3

   Move when in sight

   When you hear or see an aircraft or drone: wave with a cloth or both arms, use a signal mirror, flash a light at night.

4. 4

   Show you need help

   Both arms raised diagonally (Y sign) means 'yes, help needed'; one arm up, one down means 'no'.

5. 5

   Wait for instructions

   Once spotted, stay where you are, secure loose items and follow the crew's instructions.

Common mistakes

• ×Staying under trees while a helicopter searches
• ×Running after the aircraft
• ×Waving with one hand in a friendly way (looks like a greeting)
• ×Loose tarps during a helicopter landing
• ×Trying to catch the drone

Limits and risks

• –No figures on visibility ranges or camera technology
• –No guidance for winch operations

Sources

1. [1]

   Headquarters, Department of the Army (USA) (2002): FM 3-05.70 Survival

2. [2]

   International Maritime Organization (IMO) and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO): IAMSAR Manual (International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual), Volume III – Mobile Facilities

3. [3]

   ICAR – International Commission for Alpine Rescue: International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR) – recommendations and information (organisation website)

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-aerial-search-visibility

Materials

• High-visibility vest
• Headlamp / flashlight(optional)

Steps

1. 1

   Equip

   Hi-vis vest in the car within reach (not in the boot), reflective bands and a small lamp in your jacket or pack.

2. 2

   Put it on before getting out

   After a breakdown, put the vest on inside the vehicle, then get out on the side away from traffic if possible.

3. 3

   Reflectors on moving parts

   Reflective bands on ankles and wrists make movement recognisable.

4. 4

   Walk sensibly

   On roads without a pavement, walk as local rules require – in many places facing oncoming traffic – in single file and at the edge.

5. 5

   Your own light

   Switch on your lamp when vehicles approach; in a group, at least one light at the front and one at the back.

Common mistakes

• ×Dark clothing at dusk
• ×Vest in the boot
• ×Relying on reflectors without your own lamp where there are no headlights
• ×Staying seated on the hard shoulder next to traffic

Limits and risks

• –No standard values for reflection classes
• –No binding traffic rules for individual countries

Sources

1. [1]

   Department for Transport and Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (United Kingdom): The Highway Code

2. [2]

   European Commission: 112 – the European emergency number

   https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/112

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-reflective-visibility

Materials

• Battery or crank radio
• Headlamp / flashlight(optional)

Steps

1. 1

   Prepare a radio

   Keep a radio with battery, rechargeable or crank power with your supplies and store matching spare batteries.

2. 2

   Note the stations

   Write down the frequencies of regional public broadcasters on paper and keep the note with the radio.

3. 3

   Listen regularly

   During an incident, listen to the news at set times instead of leaving the radio on constantly – this saves energy.

4. 4

   Follow instructions

   Follow the authorities' instructions, e.g. on evacuation, sheltering indoors or help points. Pass information on to neighbours who have no radio.

5. 5

   Check regularly

   Test the radio and batteries at regular intervals.

Common mistakes

• ×No grid-independent radio at home
• ×Flat or leaking batteries
• ×Frequencies saved only online
• ×Trusting rumours on social media over official sources
• ×Transmitting without knowing the rules

Limits and risks

• –No frequency details – they vary by region
• –No legal advice on radio licences

Sources

1. [1]

   Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe (BBK), Deutschland: Ratgeber für Notfallvorsorge und richtiges Handeln in Notsituationen

   https://www.bbk.bund.de

2. [2]

   U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Make a Plan (Ready.gov)

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-radio-disaster

Materials

• Personal locator beacon (PLB)

Steps

1. 1

   Register

   Register the beacon with the responsible national authority and keep contact details up to date. Some authorities also allow details of the planned trip.

2. 2

   Check before the trip

   Run the self-test only as the manufacturer describes; check the battery and expiry dates.

3. 3

   Carry it on your body

   Carry the PLB on your body (vest, shoulder strap), not in a pack that could be lost in a fall or on the water.

4. 4

   Activate in an emergency

   Deploy the antenna, activate the device, hold or place it with a clear view of the sky. Do not cover it with your body.

5. 5

   Leave it on and stay put

   Leave the device on until rescued, stay in one place if possible and use visual and sound signals as well.

Common mistakes

• ×Not registered
• ×Expired battery
• ×Device stowed in the pack
• ×Switching it off after activation because nothing seems to happen
• ×Antenna covered

Limits and risks

• –No figures on alert times or accuracy
• –No legal advice on registration requirements

Sources

1. [1]

   International Cospas-Sarsat Programme: International Cospas-Sarsat Programme – system information (organisation website)

2. [2]

   U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking (SARSAT) – beacon information and registration

3. [3]

   International Maritime Organization (IMO) and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO): IAMSAR Manual (International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual), Volume III – Mobile Facilities

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-plb-beacon

Materials

• Satellite messenger
• Power bank(optional)

Steps

1. 1

   Set up

   Activate the service, store emergency contacts and medical notes, create preset messages.

2. 2

   Test

   Before the trip, send a test message (not SOS) under open sky and have receipt confirmed.

3. 3

   Make arrangements

   Agree with your contact when check-ins will arrive and what to do if they do not.

4. 4

   SOS in an emergency

   Trigger SOS, place the device with a clear view of the sky, answer questions and conserve battery.

Common mistakes

• ×Subscription expired
• ×Never tested
• ×Sending under trees or in a tent and expecting instant delivery
• ×Contact person not briefed
• ×Battery flat

Limits and risks

• –No assessment of individual devices or providers
• –Coverage and services change

Sources

1. [1]

   The Mountaineers Books (2017): Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills, 9th edition

2. [2]

   International Maritime Organization (IMO) and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO): IAMSAR Manual (International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual), Volume III – Mobile Facilities

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-satellite-messenger

Materials

• Marine VHF radio

Steps

1. 1

   DSC distress alert (if available)

   Open the cover of the distress button and hold it until the alert is sent. Then stay on channel 16.

2. 2

   Channel 16, high power

   Set the radio to channel 16 and high power. Press the transmit button, speak calmly and clearly.

3. 3

   MAYDAY message

   'MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY – this is [vessel name three times, call sign/MMSI] – MAYDAY [vessel name] – position – nature of distress – assistance required – number of persons on board – other information – OVER.'

4. 4

   Listen and repeat

   Release the button after the message and listen. If there is no reply, repeat at short intervals.

5. 5

   Follow instructions

   Follow the coast station's instructions, keep radio traffic short and conserve battery.

Common mistakes

• ×Holding the transmit button while trying to listen
• ×Position missing or vague
• ×MAYDAY in a non-life-threatening situation
• ×No certificate and procedure unknown
• ×Handheld not stowed waterproof

Limits and risks

• –No frequency or range details beyond channel 16
• –No legal advice on licences
• –Does not replace a radio course

Sources

1. [1]

   International Maritime Organization (IMO) and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO): IAMSAR Manual (International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual), Volume III – Mobile Facilities

2. [2]

   International Maritime Organization (IMO) (1972): Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREGs) – Annex IV: Distress signals

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-marine-vhf

Materials

• Avalanche transceiver
• Snow shovel – Avalanche shovel, part of the basic kit

Steps

1. 1

   Wear it on your body

   Wear the device in its harness under the outer layer of clothing, not in the pack.

2. 2

   Group check before setting off

   Before every trip, check the battery and transmit/receive function of every device in the group as learned on the course.

3. 3

   Transmit on the way

   During the trip the device stays on transmit. Switch to search only in an actual emergency.

4. 4

   In an emergency: alarm and search

   Alert rescue, observe the debris, switch devices to search, search following the trained procedure, probe and dig.

5. 5

   Practise regularly

   Practise several times each season, including multiple burials, as offered on courses.

Common mistakes

• ×Device in the pack
• ×Battery not checked
• ×Out without shovel and probe
• ×Never practised
• ×Feeling safer because of the device and taking more risks

Limits and risks

• –No detailed search instructions
• –No avalanche assessment
• –No first aid instructions

Sources

1. [1]

   ICAR – International Commission for Alpine Rescue: International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR) – recommendations and information (organisation website)

2. [2]

   The Mountaineers Books (2017): Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills, 9th edition

3. [3]

   European Avalanche Warning Services (EAWS): European Avalanche Danger Scale

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-avalanche-transceiver

Materials

• Handheld two-way radio
• Spare batteries(optional)

Steps

1. 1

   Set up

   Set all devices to the same channel (and the same sub-code if used), agree a backup channel and write both on a card.

2. 2

   Agree call times

   Agree fixed times (e.g. on the hour) when everyone switches on. This saves battery.

3. 3

   Listen before you talk

   Before transmitting, listen briefly to check the channel is free. Press the talk button, wait a moment, then speak.

4. 4

   Short and clear

   Who is calling whom, the message, 'over'. Have important details (place, time) read back.

5. 5

   Emergencies have priority

   If you hear an emergency, keep the channel clear and help, e.g. by alerting help by phone.

Common mistakes

• ×Thinking sub-codes provide privacy
• ×No backup channel agreed
• ×Always switched on, battery flat
• ×Long conversations blocking the channel
• ×Buying devices that are not permitted

Limits and risks

• –No range, channel or power figures
• –No legal advice

Sources

1. [1]

   U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Are You Ready? An In-Depth Guide to Citizen Preparedness

2. [2]

   Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe (BBK), Deutschland: Ratgeber für Notfallvorsorge und richtiges Handeln in Notsituationen

   https://www.bbk.bund.de

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-two-way-radio

Materials

• Signal whistle
• Mobile phone
• Field notebook and pencil(optional) – For leaving notes on site
• Signal panel (fluorescent)(optional)

Steps

1. 1

   Leave a trip plan

   Give your route, alternatives, participants, equipment, vehicle and latest return time to a contact – with instructions on when to call the local emergency number (112 in the EU).

2. 2

   Stay put in an emergency

   If someone knows about you and the place is safe: stay. Choose a clearly visible spot nearby, e.g. at the edge of a clearing or by a path.

3. 3

   Prepare signals

   Whistle around your neck, lamp within reach, cloth or ground signs laid out. Respond immediately when you hear searchers.

4. 4

   Stay reachable

   Switch the phone on at agreed times or keep it in power-saving mode, answer callbacks, including unknown numbers.

5. 5

   If you must move: leave clues

   Leave a note at the starting point with time and direction, lay arrows of stones or branches and stay on paths if possible.

Common mistakes

• ×Telling no one
• ×Changing plans without informing the contact
• ×Wandering aimlessly
• ×Hiding from searchers (common in children afraid of getting into trouble)
• ×Not checking in after returning – false alarm

Limits and risks

• –No universal rule for staying or going
• –Does not replace an emergency call

Sources

1. [1]

   U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Make a Plan (Ready.gov)

2. [2]

   The Mountaineers Books (2017): Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills, 9th edition

3. [3]

   Headquarters, Department of the Army (USA) (2002): FM 3-05.70 Survival

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-staying-findable

Materials

• Power bank
• Spare batteries
• Mobile phone
• Dry bag(optional)

Steps

1. 1

   Start fully charged

   Charge all devices and power banks before the trip, check spare batteries, pack cables.

2. 2

   Cut consumption

   Power-saving mode, low screen brightness, unnecessary radios and background apps off. Offline maps instead of loading online.

3. 3

   Keep warm

   Carry the phone and spare batteries close to the body (inner pocket), take them into the sleeping bag at night.

4. 4

   Fixed times

   Without signal, do not let the phone search constantly: airplane mode and switch on briefly at agreed times – if a contact knows about this arrangement.

5. 5

   Leave the reserve untouched

   Use the fixed emergency reserve only for emergency calls, location and contact with rescuers.

Common mistakes

• ×Starting with a half-full battery
• ×Power bank flat because never checked
• ×Phone in an outer pocket in frost
• ×Battery used up for photos and videos
• ×Wrong cable or none

Limits and risks

• –No run-time or capacity figures
• –Device-specific settings not described

Sources

1. [1]

   Ready.gov – U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Build A Kit

2. [2]

   Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe (BBK), Deutschland: Ratgeber für Notfallvorsorge und richtiges Handeln in Notsituationen

   https://www.bbk.bund.de

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-battery-planning

Materials

• Mobile phone
• Power bank(optional)
• Field notebook and pencil(optional) – Important numbers on paper

Steps

1. 1

   Plan beforehand

   Agree a contact person outside the region whom everyone reports to. Store numbers on paper and in the phone.

2. 2

   Message first

   After an event, send a short message: 'At [place], unhurt, will report at [time]'.

3. 3

   Keep calls short

   If a call is necessary, keep it short and say the essentials first.

4. 4

   Share status once

   One status update to the family or an agreed group saves many individual calls.

5. 5

   Save battery

   Dim the screen, close unnecessary apps, check at agreed times.

Common mistakes

• ×Calling again and again when it does not connect
• ×Long voice and video messages
• ×Numbers only in the phone
• ×Forwarding rumours
• ×Blocking the emergency line with information requests

Limits and risks

• –No statements on technical prioritisation in specific networks
• –Ineffective when the network is completely down

Sources

1. [1]

   Ready.gov – U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Make A Plan

2. [2]

   U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Are You Ready? An In-Depth Guide to Citizen Preparedness

3. [3]

   European Commission: 112 – the European emergency number

   https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/112

Rev. 1 · Online version: https://survivebetter.com/en/explore/signals/sig-congested-networks