Cheat sheet: Shelter and protection

1. 1Interrupt conduction – Never sit or lie directly on ground, snow or rock.
2. 2Reduce convection – Choose a sheltered spot, turn the closed side of the shelter into the wind and wear a windproof outer layer.
3. 3Screen radiation – A roof over the sleeping spot reduces radiation to the clear night sky.
4. 4Limit evaporation – Shed layers before you sweat, change out of wet clothing as soon as dry clothing is available, and put on rain gear early.

Danger: Hypothermia can develop above freezing, especially in wet and windy conditions. Intense shivering, confusion, clumsiness or drowsiness are warning signs: get out of wind and wet and call emergency services if the condition worsens.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-heat-loss

1. 1Start early – Choose the spot in daylight.
2. 2Look up – Check trees, branches and slopes above the spot: dead branches, dead trees, loose rocks, signs of rockfall at the foot of the slope.
3. 3Look down – Avoid hollows, gullies, streambeds and flood debris lines.
4. 4Assess the wind – Determine the wind direction and use natural cover from terrain, rocks or dense vegetation without dropping into a cold-air hollow.
5. 5Find a level sleeping area – Choose a level, slightly raised area where rainwater drains away instead of pooling.
6. 6Respect the rules – Follow local rules on overnight stays, fire and protected areas – they differ widely between countries and regions.

Danger: Never camp beneath dead branches or dead, leaning trees. They can fall without warning, especially in wind, rain or under snow load.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-site-selection

1. 1Recognise – With plenty of fresh snow and dense conifers, expect tree wells even if no hollow is visible.
2. 2Keep your distance – In deep snow keep as wide a distance from trunks as possible, especially when descending.
3. 3Partner in sight – Travel in pairs or groups so you can see and hear each other.
4. 4If you fall – If possible hold on to branches or the trunk, use your hands to create an air space in front of your face, stay calm to avoid sinking…
5. 5Avoid as a shelter – For an emergency bivouac choose a sheltered spot beside the tree, not in the funnel, and watch for snow in the branches above.

Danger: A head-first fall into a tree well can lead to suffocation in snow. Keep clear of trees in deep snow, never travel alone in deep-snow forest and keep companions in sight at all times.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-tree-well-hazard

1. 1Check above – Check the rock for cracks, loose blocks and fresh fracture surfaces; look on the ground for fallen rocks.
2. 2Check water paths – Do not camp in gullies, streambeds or hollows; look for debris and flood lines.
3. 3Watch for animals – Tracks, droppings or nests are a sign the place is already in use – then move on.
4. 4Use only the front area – Stay under the open overhang; do not go into dark areas or tunnels.
5. 5Insulate and close – Put a sleeping pad or dry material underneath; close the open side against wind with a tarp, backpack or emergency blanket.

Danger: Watch for rockfall under overhangs: fresh fracture surfaces, rocks on the ground and loose blocks are warning signs. Rockfall is more frequent with freeze-thaw cycles and rain.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-rock-overhang

1. 1Choose site and orientation – Choose a safe site between two sturdy trees.
2. 2Rig the ridgeline – Tie the line to one tree with a bowline or clove hitch and tension it at the other with a taut-line hitch or two half hitches.
3. 3Drape the tarp – Lay the tarp centrally over the line so both sides hang down equally.
4. 4Stake the corners – Pull the four corners diagonally outwards and stake them with tent stakes or sharpened sticks.
5. 5Tension wrinkle-free – Tension the panels so no pockets form where water can pool.
6. 6Drip line and ground – Hang a short piece of cord from the ridgeline just before the tarp so water running along the line drips off there.
7. 7Re-tension – Re-tension after a while and when the weather changes – wet lines and tarps stretch.

Caution: Use only healthy, living trees as anchors and check for dead branches above before pitching.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-tarp-a-frame

1. 1Determine the wind direction – Check the wind direction and judge whether it is likely to hold.
2. 2Rig the ridgeline – Tension the line between two trees across the wind, with a bowline or clove hitch at one end and a taut-line hitch or two half hitches at…
3. 3Attach the high edge – Attach one long edge of the tarp to the ridgeline and secure the corners to the line or the trees with short cords.
4. 4Stake the windward edge – Pull the opposite edge taut to the ground on the windward side and fix it with stakes or sticks.
5. 5Seal the edge and ground – Stake the low edge as gap-free as possible so no wind blows underneath.
6. 6Watch the weather – If the wind shifts, re-pitch in good time – for example as an A-frame – rather than being caught out at night.

Caution: Use only healthy, living trees as anchors and check for dead branches above before pitching.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-tarp-lean-to

1. 1Determine the wind direction – Work out where wind and rain are coming from.
2. 2Fix the low corner – Stake the corner that faces the wind firmly into the ground.
3. 3Raise the high corner – Tie the opposite corner to a tree or pole at about sitting to chest height.
4. 4Stake the side corners – Stake both side corners outwards and slightly backwards until the panels are smooth.
5. 5Re-tension and check – Smooth out wrinkles, tighten the hitches, lie under the tarp and check that feet and head are covered.

Danger: Do not pitch under dead trees or broken or hanging branches – they can fall without warning in wind or under snow or ice load. Look up before you pitch.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-tarp-diamond

1. 1Rig the ridgeline – Tie a line between two trees at about chest to shoulder height, across the wind direction.
2. 2Drape the tarp unevenly – Lay the tarp over the line so that only a short awning hangs at the front and the long part reaches the ground at the back.
3. 3Stake the back wall – Stake the back wall tightly along the ground line so that it falls steeply.
4. 4Fold the floor – Fold the rest of the tarp forward under the roof as a groundsheet.
5. 5Guy out the awning – Guy the short awning forwards and down with two lines.

Danger: Do not pitch under dead trees or broken or hanging branches – they can fall without warning in wind or under snow or ice load. Look up before you pitch.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-tarp-c-fly

1. 1Choose the weather side – Determine where wind and rain come from.
2. 2Rig a low ridgeline – Rig a ridgeline or set up a pole at the entrance.
3. 3Fold in the end – Fold the rear end of the tarp into a triangle so that the end is closed, and stake down the folded corners.
4. 4Stake the sides – Stake the sides taut and evenly; first the corners, then the midpoints.
5. 5Check the interior – Lie inside, check the length, keep ventilation at the entrance, re-tension after rain and wind.

Danger: Do not pitch under dead trees or broken or hanging branches – they can fall without warning in wind or under snow or ice load. Look up before you pitch.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-tarp-closed-end

1. 1Rig the ridgeline – Rig a ridgeline between two trees at chest to head height, back to the wind.
2. 2Offset the tarp – Lay the tarp over the line so that there is enough material behind for the back wall and at the sides for the walls.
3. 3Stake the back – Stake the back taut down to the ground.
4. 4Pull down the wings – Pull the side corners forward and down and stake them so the sides are closed.
5. 5Secure the front – Guy the front edge slightly forward so that it does not flap.

Danger: Do not pitch under dead trees or broken or hanging branches – they can fall without warning in wind or under snow or ice load. Look up before you pitch.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-tarp-adirondack

1. 1Choose trees – Choose two healthy, living trees with no dead branches above.
2. 2Hang the hammock – Hang with a moderate sag; hammocks pitched too tight are uncomfortable and put more load on trees and suspension.
3. 3Pitch the tarp above – Rig a ridgeline above the hammock and pitch the tarp as an A-frame or diamond so that both ends are covered.
4. 4Add drip lines – Short cords on the suspension stop rainwater running along the straps into the hammock.
5. 5Insulate underneath – Put a sleeping pad in the hammock or attach an underquilt, then the sleeping bag.
6. 6Test – Load carefully, lie diagonally (lies flatter) and check that the tarp covers enough.

Danger: Do not pitch under dead trees or broken or hanging branches – they can fall without warning in wind or under snow or ice load. Look up before you pitch.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-hammock-tarp

1. 1Choose a spot – A level, slightly raised spot out of the wind, without rockfall or falling-branch risk, not in hollows.
2. 2Insert the pad – Put the sleeping pad inside the bivy bag or underneath, then the sleeping bag.
3. 3Secure gear – Stow shoes and gear dry in a stuff sack or backpack, lamp within reach.
4. 4Adjust the opening – Adjust the head opening so that rain is kept off but fresh air reaches your face.
5. 5Air out in the morning – Air out the bivy bag and sleeping bag and dry them when possible.

Danger: Never fully close off your face and breathing opening. Never pull a bivy bag over your head unless it is designed for it; never put plastic bags over your head.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-bivy-bag

1. 1Find a sheltered spot – Use natural shelter from the wind, but no hollow; look up for dead branches.
2. 2Orient – Low or narrow end into the wind, entrance on the lee side.
3. 3Secure the windward side first – Spread the tent out flat and stake the windward corners first; never let go of the tent.
4. 4Insert the poles – Insert the poles and raise the tent.
5. 5Guy all lines – Use and tighten all guylines; set stakes angled away from the tent, in soft ground secure them with rocks or as buried anchors.
6. 6Ventilate and keep clearance – Keep vents open; the inner tent must not touch the fly.
7. 7Check during the night – Retighten lines as the wind increases; knock snow off the fly.

Danger: A tent does not protect against lightning. In thunderstorms avoid ridges, summits, isolated trees and open areas and get into a building or vehicle in good time.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-tent-wind-rain

1. 1Check the trees – Choose two living, healthy trees with no dead branches above.
2. 2Fit the tree straps – Put wide straps around the trunks at about head height.
3. 3Set the sag – Hang the hammock with a clear sag rather than pulling it tight; the suspension should run downwards at an angle.
4. 4Check the height – Loaded, the hammock should hang at about sitting height.
5. 5Insulate from below – Attach an underquilt outside or lay a sleeping pad inside the hammock.
6. 6Lie diagonally – Lie at an angle – head slightly to one side of centre, feet to the other.

Danger: Do not pitch under dead trees or broken or hanging branches – they can fall without warning in wind or under snow or ice load. Look up before you pitch.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-hammock-hang

1. 1Check the site – Level, slightly raised, free of stones and roots, not in a hollow or stream bed, no dead branches above.
2. 2Lay out – Lay out groundsheet and tent; the groundsheet must not stick out beyond the tent's edge, or it collects rain under the floor.
3. 3Set the stakes – Insert stakes vertically or angled slightly away from the tent, with the line at right angles to the stake.
4. 4Raise poles and tent – Insert poles according to the instructions; fully seat the joints so they do not split.
5. 5Guy out – Attach all guylines and tension them evenly until the fly is wrinkle-free and does not touch the inner tent.
6. 6Open vents – Open the vents, even in cool weather, to reduce condensation.
7. 7Re-tension – Re-tension after an hour and before sleeping – many tent fabrics stretch when wet and cold.

Danger: Do not pitch under dead trees or broken or hanging branches – they can fall without warning in wind or under snow or ice load. Look up before you pitch.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-tent-pitching-basics

1. 1Choose a safe spot – Flat terrain away from slopes, slope feet, cornices and trees loaded with snow.
2. 2Stamp a platform – Stamp an area larger than the tent level with skis or snowshoes and let it rest briefly if there is time.
3. 3Prepare anchors – Tie lines to sticks, skis, poles or snow-filled bags and bury them crosswise to the direction of pull.
4. 4Pitch the tent – Secure the tent against blowing away (always hold or tie it), anchor the windward side first, then raise it and tension all lines.
5. 5Dig out the vestibule – Dig a pit in the vestibule – makes sitting and putting on boots easier.
6. 6Check during the night – Keep vents open, knock off snow load, re-tension lines.

Danger: Avalanche terrain is not covered by this entry. Never camp on or below slopes, under cornices or in gullies. Anyone travelling in steep snowy terrain needs avalanche training and the current avalanche forecast.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-tent-on-snow

1. 1Choose a site – Sheltered from wind, without dead branches, with anchor points at a suitable distance.
2. 2Raise the corners – Attach the corners to trees or to poles with two guylines each.
3. 3Build in a slope – Set one side lower than the other so rain runs off in one direction – not onto the path or into the seating area.
4. 4Raise the centre – With large tarps, raise the centre with a pole or a line pulling upwards so no water pockets form.
5. 5Tension and check – Re-tension evenly and check in rain whether water is collecting anywhere.

Danger: Do not pitch under dead trees or broken or hanging branches – they can fall without warning in wind or under snow or ice load. Look up before you pitch.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-tarp-flat-fly

1. 1Watch the weather – Before sleeping, check clouds, wind direction and forecast; arrange gear so it can be reached in the dark.
2. 2React early – Act at the first gusts or drops, not only when the sleeping bag is wet.
3. 3Lower – Lower the ridgeline or shorten the poles; the surface becomes steeper and smaller.
4. 4Close the weather side – Stake the windward side down to the ground, fold one end in or switch to a closed form.
5. 5Add guylines – Add lines at the middle tie-outs and re-tension all hitches.
6. 6Check during the night – In rain, check occasionally whether water is collecting or lines are slackening.

Danger: Do not pitch under dead trees or broken or hanging branches – they can fall without warning in wind or under snow or ice load. Look up before you pitch.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-tarp-weather-change

1. 1Decide early – If it becomes clear the destination cannot be reached safely, stop early while there is still daylight, energy and dry clothing.
2. 2Find a sheltered spot – Use the lee of rocks, terrain or dense vegetation, but avoid hollows, gullies and hazards from above.
3. 3Insulate from the ground – Sit or lie on a pad, backpack, rope or a thick layer of dry vegetation – never directly on the ground.
4. 4Put on all clothing – Put on dry spare clothing, hat and gloves before closing the cover.
5. 5Put the cover on – Climb into the bivvy bag or bin bag up to the shoulders, or wrap the emergency blanket tightly around the body.
6. 6Huddle and stay visible – In a group, huddle closely together.
7. 7Monitor condition – Watch each other for shivering, confusion and drowsiness and call emergency services if things get worse.

Danger: Never pull a plastic bag or sheet over your head – risk of suffocation. Always leave an opening for the face; with a bin bag, cut a hole for the face rather than crawling in head first.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-emergency-bivouac

1. 1Choose the site – Choose a level, dry, slightly raised spot near plenty of leaves and deadwood, away from hollows, streams and dead branches overhead.
2. 2Place the ridgepole – Rest a sturdy pole, somewhat longer than your height, with one end on a secure support (such as a stump or forked branch) at about hip…
3. 3Check the size – Lie underneath as a test.
4. 4Lean on the ribs – Lean branches steeply against the ridgepole on both sides, close together.
5. 5Cover thickly with leaves – Pile dry leaves very thickly over the frame; a thin layer is not enough.
6. 6Insulate the floor – Fill the interior with a thick layer of dry leaves that does not compress completely under body weight.
7. 7Close the entrance – A pile of leaves or a backpack at the opening, which you can pull in from inside, keeps out the wind.

Danger: The ridgepole must safely carry the weight of the cover layer and rest firmly at both ends. Check stability before crawling in. Do not use rotten poles.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-debris-hut

1. 1Weigh up whether building makes sense – Check alternatives first: turning back, a hut, a vehicle, an emergency bivouac in the lee.
2. 2Choose a safe spot – Only flat or very gently sloping terrain with no slopes, cornices or gullies above.
3. 3Shed layers before digging – Take off insulating layers before digging and stow them dry; keep the waterproof outer layer on. Work slowly to sweat as little as possible.
4. 4Choose the simplest form – A simple trench in the snow, covered with a tarp, sheet or snow blocks, is usually quicker and less prone to collapse than a dug cave.
5. 5Ensure ventilation – Make a ventilation hole in the roof and keep it clear regularly, for example with a stick.
6. 6Insulate from the snow – Lie on a sleeping pad, backpack or other insulation, never directly on snow.
7. 7Mark and inform – Mark the entrance and roof outside and, if possible, send your location to rescuers or contacts.

Danger: Avalanche terrain is not covered by this entry. Never build shelters on or below slopes, under cornices or in gullies. Anyone travelling in steep snowy terrain needs avalanche training and current avalanche forecasts.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-snow-basics

1. 1Get information – Use radio, warning apps or official websites to find out how long the outage is expected to last and whether there are warming centres…
2. 2Choose one room – Use a small room with as few outer walls and windows as possible as the shared living space.
3. 3Reduce draughts – Close curtains, especially at night, and reduce draughts at door gaps with blankets or towels.
4. 4Wear layers – Wear several layers, a hat, socks and slippers.
5. 5Sleep warm – Use sleeping bags and several blankets, and keep beds away from cold outer walls.
6. 6Eat and drink – Eat regularly and drink warm drinks from vacuum flasks while available.
7. 7Neighbours and vulnerable people – Check on older neighbours or those living alone.

Danger: Never operate charcoal or gas grills, camping stoves, patio heaters or generators in the home, basement, garage or a tent – not even with a window open. Carbon monoxide is invisible and odourless and can be lethal.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-home-heating-failure

1. 1Find shelter from the wind – Choose a spot behind rocks, terrain or dense vegetation; check overhead for dead branches.
2. 2Close the hood – Pull the hood tight and tie it off so no water runs through.
3. 3Attach the high edge – For a lean-to, attach one long edge to a line between two trees or sticks.
4. 4Stake the low edge – Fix the opposite edge to the ground on the weather side.
5. 5Insulate the ground – Put a sleeping pad, backpack or dry plant material underneath.

Danger: A poncho does not insulate. In the cold it only protects from wet – ground insulation and dry clothing are crucial. At signs of hypothermia call the local emergency number (112 in the EU).

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-poncho

1. 1Check permission and risk – Only build where fires and collecting are permitted.
2. 2Build the frame – Lay a sturdy ridgepole between two trees or forked supports and lean roof poles back at an angle to the ground, back to the wind.
3. 3Thatch densely – Cover from bottom to top like roof tiles with branches or leaves so rain runs off.
4. 4Make the fire site – Make the fire site at a distance in front of the shelter on bare mineral soil and clear the surroundings of combustible material.
5. 5Build the reflector – Build a wall of stacked logs or rocks behind the fire to throw heat back towards the shelter.
6. 6Fire watch and extinguishing – Keep the fire small and supervise it constantly.

Danger: The roof of dry material burns very easily. Keep enough distance between fire and shelter, watch for flying sparks, never leave the fire unattended and keep extinguishing material ready.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-debris-lean-to-reflector

1. 1Choose the site – Level, dry spot, no hollow, no dead trees overhead, deadwood nearby.
2. 2Erect the supports – At each end set up a bipod of two crossed poles tied at the top – or use forked branches or a sturdy stump.
3. 3Place the ridgepole – Lay a sturdy ridgepole into the forks and secure it.
4. 4Lean on the rafters – Lean poles densely and steeply on both sides.
5. 5Thatch – Cover from bottom to top, overlapping, with branches, bark pieces from deadwood or leaves; if available, a sheet under the outer layer.
6. 6Insulate the floor – A thick layer of dry material or a sleeping pad as the sleeping surface.

Danger: The ridgepole and supports must safely carry the weight of the covering. Do not use rotten poles; check stability before lying inside.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-natural-a-frame

1. 1Set up the tripod – Tie three main poles together at the top, stand them up and spread the feet evenly.
2. 2Lean on more poles – Lean more poles into the crotch at the apex; leave an entrance on the downwind side.
3. 3Cover – Wrap with a tarp or cover from bottom to top like roof tiles with natural material.
4. 4Leave ventilation open – Do not fully close the apex and entrance, to reduce condensation.
5. 5Insulate the floor – Lay out a sleeping pad or a thick dry layer.

Danger: The apex must be tied firmly and the poles evenly spaced; a collapsing frame can cause injury. Check stability before covering.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-wickiup-frame

1. 1Weigh up – Check alternatives such as turning back, a hut, a vehicle or an emergency bivouac in the lee.
2. 2Choose a safe spot – Flat terrain with no slopes, cornices or gullies above; away from ski runs, trails and vehicle tracks.
3. 3Shed layers – Stow insulating clothing dry, keep the waterproof outer layer on, work slowly.
4. 4Dig the trench – Dig a narrow trench, a little longer than your body.
5. 5Cover – Lay a sheet over the trench and weigh down the edges with snow, using poles or skis as supports; alternatively lean snow blocks against…
6. 6Vent and entrance – Keep a ventilation opening clear and do not seal the entrance completely.
7. 7Insulate and mark – Lie on a sleeping pad or backpack, take the shovel inside, mark the location outside.

Danger: Avalanche terrain is not covered by this entry. Never build on or below slopes, under cornices or in gullies. Anyone travelling in steep snowy terrain needs avalanche training and the current avalanche forecast.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-snow-trench

1. 1Choose a safe spot – Flat terrain with no slopes above, no snow-laden trees directly overhead.
2. 2Pile up snow – Shovel snow into a large, round mound, mixing it as you go. Shed layers to avoid sweating.
3. 3Insert thickness markers – Push sticks of equal length vertically into the mound all round until they are flush with the surface.
4. 4Let it settle – Let the mound rest for a while.
5. 5Hollow out – in pairs – Dig a low entrance and hollow out from inside.
6. 6Vent and platform – Push a ventilation hole at an angle through the roof, make the sleeping platform higher than the entrance and smooth the inner ceiling so…
7. 7Night and marking – Keep the shovel inside, clear the vent regularly, do not fully close the entrance, mark the location outside.

Danger: Never build or hollow out alone. One person digs while the other stays outside and can help immediately if it collapses. Always keep a shovel at hand, inside as well.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-quinzhee

1. 1Assess the terrain – Only with training and an avalanche forecast.
2. 2Dig entrance and room – Dig an entrance tunnel, then enlarge the room upwards so that the sleeping platform is higher than the entrance.
3. 3Dome and smooth the ceiling – Shape the ceiling domed and smooth so meltwater runs down the walls instead of dripping.
4. 4Make the vent – Push a ventilation hole through the roof and keep it clear regularly with a stick.
5. 5Gear and marking – Shovel inside, entrance not fully closed, location clearly marked outside.

Danger: Drifts often form on lee slopes – exactly where wind slab and avalanche danger develop. Without avalanche training, do not dig a snow cave into a slope; when in doubt, choose a trench in flat terrain.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-snow-cave

1. 1Emergency call and location – Call emergency services, give the location, then use the phone sparingly.
2. 2Make yourself visible – Hazard lights if needed, a bright cloth on the antenna or window; at night switch on the interior light from time to time while the engine…
3. 3Keep the exhaust clear – Check that the exhaust is clear before every engine start and regularly.
4. 4Engine intermittently – Run the engine and heater only for short periods, with a window slightly open.
5. 5Keep warm – Put on all clothing layers, use blankets and emergency blankets, huddle together, insulate feet from the cold floor, move a little, drink…
6. 6Take turns staying awake – In groups take turns staying awake, especially while the engine is running.

Danger: Keep the exhaust pipe clear of snow regularly. A snowed-in exhaust can direct carbon monoxide into the cabin – odourless and deadly. Run the engine only intermittently and open a window slightly while it runs.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-vehicle-emergency

1. 1Look for official help – Ask via radio, warning app, authorities, emergency services or aid organisations about emergency shelters, warming centres or assembly…
2. 2Public warm places – To bridge the gap, use stations, shopping centres, libraries or other open public buildings as far as they are accessible and permitted.
3. 3Insulate from the ground – Put several layers of cardboard or newspaper under your body; never sit directly on concrete or stone.
4. 4Keep out wind and wet – Choose the sheltered side of buildings, cardboard as a windbreak, sheeting against rain – keep the face uncovered.
5. 5Layers and group – Put on dry layers, cover head and hands, stay with others and look after the more vulnerable.

Danger: After earthquakes, explosions, fires or floods do not enter damaged buildings. Follow cordons and instructions from emergency services.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-urban-improvised

1. 1Decide early – Use the group shelter before everyone is cold – not only when someone can no longer continue.
2. 2Choose a spot – As sheltered from the wind as possible, safe from rockfall and falls, on level ground.
3. 3Pull it over – Everyone stands close together, pulls the cover over their heads and sits down on backpacks or pads with the edge tucked under them.
4. 4Vent opening – Keep a vent or window open; air it briefly at regular intervals.
5. 5Vulnerable people in the middle – Put people who are cold-sensitive, injured or exhausted in the middle, insulate them and give them food and warm drinks if available.
6. 6Help and visibility – In an emergency, call for help.

Danger: The bag is usually airtight: ventilate regularly, keep one opening free, open it immediately in case of headache or shortness of breath. Never run stoves or candles inside.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-group-shelter-bag

1. 1Stop in time – When carrying on becomes dangerous, stop deliberately, note your position and call for help if needed.
2. 2Find shelter from the wind – A boulder, tree trunk, hollow without running water or bushes on the lee side.
3. 3Put everything on – Dry layers under the rain gear, hat, gloves, hood up.
4. 4Sit insulated – Sit on a pad, rope or rolled clothing; empty the backpack and put your legs inside.
5. 5Add a cover – Wrap an emergency blanket or bin bag around body and legs, keeping the face free.
6. 6Wait actively – Eat something, tense muscles from time to time, keep the lamp ready, listen out for signals regularly.

Danger: Strong shivering, confusion, clumsiness or unusual drowsiness can be signs of hypothermia. Do not wait: call the local emergency number (112 in the EU) and protect the person from further heat loss.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-sitting-bivouac

1. 1Choose a spot – A level spot with the tube across the wind or one end into it, no hollow, no dead branches.
2. 2Thread the line – Thread the line through the tube and tie it tightly to both trees at about hip to chest height.
3. 3Weigh the floor down – Put the pad and gear in the corners so the floor lies flat and the wind cannot get under the sheet.
4. 4Leave the ends open – Leave both ends at least partly open so moisture can escape.

Danger: Never pull plastic sheeting, bin bags or emergency blankets over the head or face, and do not let children use them unsupervised – risk of suffocation.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-tube-tent

1. 1Get information – Follow warning apps, radio, the council website or notices: where are emergency shelters, warming or cooling centres, and at what times?
2. 2Decide in time – When ordered to evacuate, leave at once.
3. 3Pack a bag – Medication, documents, charger, glasses, toiletries, change of clothes, blanket or sleeping bag, snacks, and baby and pet supplies if…
4. 4Secure the home – As instructed, switch off appliances, close windows and doors and tell relatives where you are going.
5. 5Register on site – Register on arrival so that relatives and authorities can find you; mention special needs (medication, disability).
6. 6Take others along – Talk to neighbours who live alone or have limited mobility and offer help.

Danger: In acute danger, breathing difficulty, confusion from cold or heat, or suspected carbon monoxide, call the local emergency number (112 in the EU).

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-public-emergency-shelters

1. 1Get permission – Find out who owns the land and ask permission for the camp, fire, wood and any building.
2. 2Find water – at a distance – Choose a place from which you can reach water easily but at least about 60 metres (around 70 big steps) from the bank.
3. 3Stay above flood level – Look for flood marks: driftwood caught in bushes, mud lines on trunks, scoured banks.
4. 4Look up and around – Check every tree within one tree length: dead trees, broken hanging branches and leaning trunks rule a site out.
5. 5Check the wood supply – A camp for weeks uses a great deal of firewood.
6. 6Set up drainage – The site should slope gently, not lie flat in a hollow.
7. 7Toilet and hygiene – The toilet goes at least about 60 metres from water, path and camp and never uphill of the water point.
8. 8Build in the right order – First a quick weather shelter (tarp or emergency shelter), then water point and toilet, then a safe fire site with water for putting it…
9. 9Observe and adjust – Walk through the camp after the first rain and the first storm: where does water collect?

Danger: Dead trees and hanging branches above the camp can fall without warning, especially in wind and snow. Within at least one tree length of the sleeping place and fire there must be no dead or leaning tree.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-longterm-camp-planning

1. 1Plan small and realistically – Plan a simple floor plan, for example about 3 × 4 metres inside, with one door and a small window.
2. 2Foundation against damp – At the corners (and in between on longer walls) remove the topsoil down to firm ground.
3. 3Choose and prepare the logs – Choose straight, sound logs of as similar a diameter as possible with little taper.
4. 4Fell and move only safely – Only someone trained fells, with an escape route diagonally backwards and nobody within two tree lengths.
5. 5Lay the first course – Lay the two strongest logs as sills parallel on the piers.
6. 6Cut notches and stack – Lay the next log across the corner, mark the curve of the lower log on its underside and cut a round notch there (round or saddle notch).
7. 7Door and window – Saw out door and window openings once the wall is high enough.
8. 8Seal the gaps – Lay moss into the gaps while stacking.
9. 9Put up the roof frame – A strong ridge pole goes onto the two gable ends, with more long poles (purlins) below it if needed.

Danger: Felling trees is among the most dangerous forest work: trunks fall differently than planned, branches whip back, trunks split or get hung up. Fell only with training and permission; nobody stands within two tree lengths. Without training use only logs that are already down.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-log-cabin

1. 1Set the posts – Set strong posts in firmly tamped holes or better on a plinth of stones so the wood does not stand in wet ground.
2. 2Fit upright staves – Between the posts fit thinner upright poles (staves) about a hand span to 30 centimetres apart.
3. 3Weave the rods – Weave fresh rods horizontally, alternating in front of and behind the staves.
4. 4Find and test clay – Dig below the dark topsoil.
5. 5Mix – Soak the clay with water on a tarp, pick out stones, then tread it with your feet and work in chopped straw or grass until you have a…
6. 6Make a test patch – Apply a small sample and let it dry.
7. 7Daub and press – Dampen the weave.
8. 8Dry and protect – Let the wall dry slowly – protected from rain, strong sun and frost.

Caution: Clay pits are trip hazards and can cave in. Do not dig under overhanging edges, keep pits shallow with sloping sides and refill them or mark them clearly afterwards – especially when children are around.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-wattle-daub

1. 1Choose the roof pitch – For grass and reed bundles you need a steep roof, about 45 degrees or steeper, or water gets in. Bark works at a medium pitch.
2. 2Fix the battens – Tie straight, thin poles across the rafters as battens, for bundles about a hand span to 30 centimetres apart.
3. 3Lay bark – Bark comes off freshly felled logs most easily in spring and early summer.
4. 4Tie bundles – For a stem roof tie reed or long grass into bundles about as thick as a forearm, all stems with the thick end in one direction.
5. 5Cover from the bottom up – Tie the first row of bundles to the lowest batten, thick ends down.
6. 6Seal the ridge – At the ridge the two roof sides meet – the hardest spot.
7. 7Sod only on a strong roof – For a sod roof you need very strong rafters, a watertight layer (traditionally several layers of birch bark) and a log at the eaves that…
8. 8Check load and tightness – After the first rain look from inside to see where it drips and add more cover from outside.

Danger: Wet sod is extremely heavy – one square metre can weigh several hundred kilograms, with snow even more. A roof frame that is too weak can collapse and kill people underneath. Sod roofs only on very strong logs; if in doubt choose a lighter roof.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-roof-thatch-sod

1. 1Check permission and the site – First agree with the landowner that you may dig and build.
2. 2Plan small and shallow – Plan only as much space as you need for lying and sitting.
3. 3Dig – never alone, never undercut – Dig from the top down in shallow layers, always across the whole area, never one deep hole at a time.
4. 4Shore the walls – Drive strong posts into the floor of the pit along every wall, about an arm's length apart.
5. 5Build the drainage – Dig a shallow ditch across the slope above the hut that leads rain and slope water down past the left and right of the hut.
6. 6Roof of poles, bark and turf – Lay a thick ridge beam on strong posts, then poles close together from the ridge beam to beyond the edges of the pit so that water runs off.
7. 7Ventilation and entrance – Leave a vent open high in the back wall or in the roof and keep the entrance on the downhill side open or closed only with a curtain.
8. 8Check daily, leave if in danger – Check every day and after every rain: have cracks formed?

Danger: Earth walls can collapse without warning. Even a small amount of soil can pin, bury and suffocate a person. Never dig alone, never dig under an overhang, never dig in sand or loose ground, slope and shore the walls. If cracks appear, soil trickles or water seeps from the wall, get out at once.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-dugout

1. 1Choose the place and size – Put the bed on a level, dry spot in the hut, away from the fire.
2. 2Choose and check the poles – You need four forked posts, two strong side rails, two cross bars for head and foot end and many thin, straight poles for the surface.
3. 3Set the posts – Dig a hole about one spade deep at each of the four corners, or drive in sharpened posts with a wooden mallet.
4. 4Lash the frame – Lay the two side rails into the forks.
5. 5Lay the sleeping surface – Lay thin, straight poles close together across the side rails, with gaps no wider than a finger.
6. 6A thick bedding layer – Lay spruce or fir boughs overlapping like roof tiles: thick ends down towards the foot end, tips up, row by row from the foot to the head…
7. 7Test the strength – Load the bed step by step: first press with your hands, then sit in the middle, then at the edges, then lie down carefully.

Caution: Rotten or cracked poles break without warning. Bend and tap every pole before using it. Load the finished bed step by step – sit first, then kneel, then lie – and tighten the lashings.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-raised-bed

1. 1First check: may a fire burn in here? – A fire inside is only allowed in a solid, sufficiently large hut with a high roof that is not made of dry leaves, grass, cloth or tarp.
2. 2A hearth of dry stones – Put the hearth in the middle of the hut, far from walls and sleeping place.
3. 3Smoke exit at the very top – Cut a smoke hole at the highest point of the roof, above the hearth, about the size of a head or larger.
4. 4Fresh air from below – Leave an air inlet low in the wall, as close to the ground as possible and towards the fire, or leave the door open a crack.
5. 5Keep it small with dry wood – Make only a small fire of dry, thin wood.
6. 6Never unattended, never while sleeping – As long as the fire burns or smoulders, someone awake stays with it. Whoever wants to sleep puts the fire out completely first: water on…
7. 7Recognise carbon monoxide and get out at once – Watch for headache, dizziness, nausea, great tiredness or confusion – especially when several people feel it at once.
8. 8Keep extinguishing means and escape route ready – Next to the hearth there is always a full container of water, a pile of sand or soil and a shovel.

Danger: Every fire produces carbon monoxide (CO) – especially smouldering wood and embers. CO cannot be seen, smelled or tasted. Headache, dizziness, nausea, tiredness or confusion, especially in several people at once, are alarm signs: everyone out into the fresh air at once, do not go back in, call 112 (in Austria also 144).

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-hut-fire-safety

1. 1Pad as the base – If available, always use a sleeping pad.
2. 2Add gear – Put an empty backpack, rope or clothing you are not wearing under the torso and legs.
3. 3Gather natural material – Without a pad, gather dry leaves, needle litter or grass – far more than seems necessary at first, because the layer compresses heavily…
4. 4Block moisture – On wet ground, put a sheet or tarp under the insulating layer to keep it dry.
5. 5Test and improve – Lie down to test: where cold comes through, especially at hips and shoulders, add more material.

Caution: On snow and frozen ground a thin pad is often not enough. Combine several layers and never sit or lie directly on snow.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-ground-insulation

1. 1Mind the site – Avoid hollows, waterside spots and dense, still places where moist cold air collects overnight.
2. 2Open low and high – Open the tent's vents, or with a tarp leave a gap between edge and ground and keep the ends open.
3. 3Keep wet things outside – Avoid drying wet clothing and gear inside, and do not cook inside.
4. 4Do not breathe into the bag – Keep mouth and nose outside the sleeping bag so breath moisture does not get into the insulation.
5. 5Wipe and dry in the morning – Wipe off condensation in the morning and dry sleeping bag and shelter in sun or wind when possible.

Danger: Never seal a shelter airtight to keep warm, and never run a stove, grill or fire inside it – risk of carbon monoxide poisoning and suffocation.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-condensation-ventilation

1. 1Operate outdoors only – Run stoves, grills, generators and fires only outdoors and at a distance from tents, shelters, windows and vents.
2. 2Get warmth another way – Fight cold not with combustion inside, but with clothing, sleeping bag, ground insulation and warm drinks prepared outside.
3. 3Take warning signs seriously – Consider CO when headache, dizziness, nausea or unusual drowsiness occur near a combustion source.
4. 4Fresh air and emergency call – Get to fresh air immediately, bring others with you without exposing yourself longer than necessary, and call emergency services.

Danger: Never operate a stove, grill, generator, charcoal or fire inside a tent, vestibule, snow cave, shelter, vehicle or any other enclosed space – not even briefly, for warmth, or with the door open.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-carbon-monoxide

1. 1Ground first – Lay the sleeping pad on level, dry ground.
2. 2Change into dry clothing – Swap damp or sweaty clothing for dry sleeping clothes and dry socks before sleeping.
3. 3Go to bed warm – Before getting in, eat and drink something, a warm drink if available, and warm up with light movement without sweating.
4. 4Use layers sensibly – Dry insulating clothing can be worn inside the sleeping bag.
5. 5Do not breathe into the bag – Draw the hood closed but keep mouth and nose outside – moisture from breath dampens the insulation.
6. 6Adjust during the night – If it gets cold, add a layer or briefly tense your muscles.
7. 7Dry in the morning – Air and dry the sleeping bag when possible so it insulates fully again the next night.

Danger: Intense, persistent shivering, confusion, slurred speech or drowsiness are warning signs of hypothermia. Do not wait: seek shelter, wake others and call emergency services if the condition worsens.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-staying-warm-overnight

1. 1Act early – Set up shade before the midday heat sets in. Rest during the hottest part of the day and shift exertion to the cooler hours.
2. 2Choose a spot – Use natural shade if available.
3. 3Rig a sunshade – Rig the tarp or cloth high and angled so it casts shade on the resting spot and air can flow underneath.
4. 4Double layer if possible – With a second cloth or emergency blanket, rig a second layer with an air gap above or below.
5. 5Keep off the hot ground – Do not lie directly on hot sand or rock.
6. 6Protect the body – Wear a hat and covering, airy clothing.
7. 7Follow the shade – Shade moves with the sun.

Danger: Confusion, collapse, seizures or hot skin under severe heat stress can indicate heatstroke – a life-threatening emergency. Call the emergency number immediately.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-heat-protection

1. 1Smooth the base – Stamp and smooth the lying area so that no hollows or ridges form.
2. 2Stack pads – Foam pad below, inflatable pad on top.
3. 3Dry sleep clothing – Change into dry clothing before sleeping, put on a hat; do not wear damp socks in the sleeping bag.
4. 4Protect items from frost – Take boot liners, batteries and a bottle of water into the sleeping bag or the foot area so they do not freeze.
5. 5Go to bed warm – Eat and move briefly before lying down, without breaking a sweat.
6. 6Adjust during the night – Anyone who is cold adds extra clothing under or over themselves and checks whether the pad still holds air.

Danger: Strong shivering, confusion, clumsiness or unusual drowsiness can be signs of hypothermia. Do not wait: call the local emergency number (112 in the EU) and protect the person from further heat loss.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-sleeping-on-snow

1. 1Pack waterproof inside – Put sleeping bag, sleep clothing and electronics in dry bags or a liner; the backpack itself is not waterproof.
2. 2Pitch quickly and thoughtfully – If possible, pitch the tarp or fly first, then unpack underneath.
3. 3Set up zones – The vestibule or tarp edge is the wet zone (boots, rain jacket, wet backpack).
4. 4Change clothes – Take off wet day clothes and put on sleep clothes.
5. 5Ventilate – Keep vents open and wipe off condensation with a cloth before it drips.
6. 6Use dry spells – Use breaks in the rain and wind to air out sleeping bag and clothing.

Danger: Strong shivering, confusion, clumsiness or unusual drowsiness can be signs of hypothermia. Do not wait: call the local emergency number (112 in the EU) and protect the person from further heat loss.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-wet-camp

1. 1Check the net – Check for holes and close small tears with tape or needle and thread.
2. 2Hang it – Hang it from a line, the tarp ridge or a branch so it hangs well clear of the face.
3. 3Tuck in – Tuck the edges under the pad or groundsheet all round, or weigh them down – without gaps.
4. 4Get in quickly – Check for insects inside before getting in, slip in quickly and close it at once.
5. 5Keep distance – Make sure arms and feet do not touch the net during the night.

Danger: Nets are flammable: no candles, mosquito coils or stoves nearby.

survivebetter.com/en/explore/shelter/shelter-insect-net